The Americans With Disabilities Act has increased the power of the national government over the state government because it prohibits all private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies and labor unions from discriminating against qualified disabled individuals from job applications, hiring, firing, advancement etc.
Preemption is derived from the Supremacy Clause, and basically means that States can't pass laws that are inconsistent with the national law.
The Supreme Court Case U.S. vs Lopez put limits on Congress's power on the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. Lopez was charged with the federal violation of the Gun-Free School Zones Act under the Commerce Clause. Lopez appealed with reasoning that Congress didn't have the power to legislate control over public schools.
Devolution is when central government powers go to the state government, immediately decreasing the power of the national government.
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